Thursday, 24 June 2021

Absence of Cost/benefit analysis of NPHET recommendations - email to TD's and Senators

 

Dear TD’s and Senators, 

In regards to recent suggestions that Covid restrictions (mandatory Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPI)) may be further extended if recommended by NPHET, I believe it is necessary to remind you of its very limited Terms of Reference. 

https://www.gov.ie/en/collection/691330-national-public-health-emergency-team-covid-19-coronavirus/#terms-of-reference 

NPHET’s Terms of Reference are limited to matters relating to “the overall national response to Coronavirus”.  

NPHET is not required to, and so does not, assess the wider social, economic, public and mental health consequences of its recommendations. This assessment is the responsibility of others. Sixteen months into the epidemic, it is still not clear to whom this hugely important responsibility has been assigned.  

It cannot possibly be that nobody is responsible for this assessment. In the absence of explicit delegation to a nominated agency or agencies, by default, it remains inescapably yours as TD’s and Senators, delegates of the people and responsible to the people for the actions or inactions of the State. 

Nevertheless, there is unanimity that the social, economic, public and mental health effects of the mandatory NPI restrictions imposed on NPHET recommendation have been enormous, though as yet unquantified. 

Importantly, despite the unquestioned magnitude of the burdens and harms consequent to the mandatory NPI restrictions, there has not yet been any cost/benefit analysis performed in order to verify whether the mandatory restrictions had in fact had a net benefit over and above the enormous social, economic, public and mental health costs. 

In the absence of a specific cost/benefit analysis for Ireland, it is necessary to look overseas. The matter of the efficacy of mandatory NPI’s and their cost/benefit ratio has been the subject of extensive international research. 

Please find listed below forty-one (41) peer reviewed papers examining this matter that have been published. Of these forty-one (41) papers, thirty-nine (39) concluded that mandatory restrictions had no measurable effect over voluntary actions by the public. Thus, the overwhelming consensus of this research evaluating the efficacy of mandatory restrictions in many countries including Ireland is they had no measurable positive effect. In other words, their cost/benefit ratio is BILLIONS : 0.

A Canadian economist, Douglas W. Allen of Simon Fraser University, Canada summarises his paper in its Abstract: 

An examination of over 80 Covid-19 studies reveals that many relied on assumptions that were false, and which tended to over-estimate the benefits and under-estimate the costs of lockdown.  As a result, most of the early cost/benefit studies arrived at conclusions that were refuted later by data, and which rendered their cost/benefit findings incorrect.  Research done over the past six months has shown that lockdowns have had, at best, a marginal effect on the number of Covid-19deaths.   Generally speaking, the ineffectiveness of lockdown stems from voluntary changes in behavior.  Lockdown jurisdictions were not able to prevent non-compliance, and non-lockdown jurisdictions benefited from voluntary changes in behavior that mimicked lockdowns.   The limited effectiveness of lockdowns explains why, after one year, the unconditional cumulative deaths per million, and the pattern of daily deaths per million, is not negatively correlated with the stringency of lockdown across countries.   Using a cost/benefit method proposed by Professor Bryan Caplan, and using two extreme assumptions of lockdown effectiveness, the cost/benefit ratio of lockdowns in Canada, in terms of life-years saved, is between 3.6–282.  That is, it is possible that lockdown will go down as one of the greatest peacetime policy failures in Canada’s history 

There is every reason to believe his conclusions would be equally applicable to Ireland. 

In conclusion, the weight of research evidence globally is that mandatory restrictions have had no measurable beneficial or positive effect. There is little or no reason to believe that Ireland is an exception to this global research, certainly, none of the papers that included Ireland in their evaluation identified it as an exception.  

In the absence of a cost/benefit analysis with transparent methodology clearly demonstrating a positive cost benefit balance for extending mandatory restrictions, it is unconscionable that they should be extended on a mandatory basis. To do so would be to impose certain costs for almost certainly zero benefit. 

All mandatory restrictions should be immediately converted to advisory recommendations. NPHET should continue to make its recommendations, but it should be up to each person to act in accordance with their personal risk assessment. 

You are supposed to be leaders. It is time to stand up and be counted. Hold the Government accountable. Demand a clear cost/benefit analysis. End mandatory restrictions, convert them to advisory recommendations. Failure in this regard is dereliction of duty and would render you unfit for public office. 

 

Yours Sincerely 

 

 

Evaluations of Covid mandatory measures. 

Covid-19 Mortality: A Matter of Vulnerability Among Nations Facing Limited Margins of Adaptation 

Quentin De Larochelambert, Andy Marc, Juliana Antero, Eric Le Bourg and Jean-François Toussaint 

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.604339/full 

  

Assessing mandatory stay‐at‐home and business closure effects on the spread of COVID‐19 

Eran Bendavid, Christopher Oh, Jay Bhattacharya, John P. A. Ioannidis 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eci.13484 

  

Stay-at-home policy is a case of exception fallacy: an internet-based ecological study 

Savaris,Pumi, Dalzochio, Kunst 

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-84092-1 

  

COVID-19: Rethinking the Lockdown Groupthink 

Ari Joffe 

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.625778/full 

  

School closures and SARS-CoV-2. Evidence from Sweden’s partial school closure 

Jonas Vlachos, Edvin Hertegård,e Helena Svaleryd 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.20211359v3 

  

Did Lockdown Work? An Economist’s Cross-Country Comparison 

Christian Bjornskov 

https://academic.oup.com/cesifo/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cesifo/ifab003/6199605 

  

A country level analysis measuring the impact of government actions, country preparedness and socioeconomic factors on COVID-19 mortality and related health outcomes 

    Rabail Chaudhry,     George Dranitsaris,     Talha Mubashir,    Justyna Bartoszko,    Sheila Riazi 

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(20)30208-X/fulltext 

  

Was R < 1 before the English lockdowns? On modelling mechanistic detail, causality and inference about Covid-19 

S. N. Wood, E. C. Wit 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.03.21251112v2.full 

  

Covid Lockdown Cost/Benefits:A Critical Assessment of the Literature 

Douglas W. Allen 

http://www.sfu.ca/~allen/LockdownReport.pdf? 

  

10 

SARS-CoV-2 Transmission among Marine Recruits during Quarantine 

    Andrew G. Letizia, M.D., Irene Ramos, Ph.D., Ajay Obla, Ph.D., Carl Goforth, Ph.D., Dawn L. Weir, Ph.D., Yongchao Ge, Ph.D., Marcas M. Bamman, Ph.D., Jayeeta Dutta, M.B.A., Ethan Ellis, B.S., Luis Estrella, Ph.D., Mary-Catherine George, Ph.D., Ana S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Ph.D., William D. Graham, Ph.D., Adriana van de Guchte, M.S., Ramiro Gutierrez, M.D., Franca Jones, Ph.D., Aspasia Kalomoiri, Ph.D., Rhonda Lizewski, M.D., Stephen Lizewski, Ph.D., Jan Marayag, B.A., Nada Marjanovic, M.S., Eugene V. Millar, Ph.D., Venugopalan D. Nair, Ph.D., German Nudelman, Ph.D., Edgar Nunez, A.S., Brian L. Pike, Ph.D., Chad Porter, Ph.D., James Regeimbal, Ph.D., Stas Rirak, M.S., Ernesto Santa Ana, A.S., Rachel S.G. Sealfon, Ph.D., Robert Sebra, Ph.D., Mark P. Simons, Ph.D., Alessandra Soares-Schanoski, Ph.D., Victor Sugiharto, Ph.D., Michael Termini, M.D., Sindhu Vangeti, Ph.D., Carlos Williams, M.D., Olga G. Troyanskaya, Ph.D., Harm van Bakel, Ph.D., and Stuart C. Sealfon, M.D. 

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2029717 

  

11 

The lockdown effect: A counterfactual for Sweden 

Benjamin Born ,    Alexander M. Dietrich ,    Gernot J. Müller 

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0249732 

  

12 

COVID-19 pandemic-related lockdown: response time is more important than its strictness 

Gil Loewenthal, Shiran Abadi, Oren Avram, Keren Halabi, Noa Ecker, Natan Nagar, Itay Mayrose, Tal Pupko 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.11.20128520v1.full 

  

13 

Lockdown Effects on Sars-CoV-2 Transmission – The evidence from Northern Jutland 

Kasper Planeta Kepp, e Christian Bjørnskov 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.28.20248936v1.full 

  

14 

Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic 

Thomas Meunier 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.20078717v1 

  

15 

Inferring the effectiveness of government interventions against COVID-19 

Jan M. Brauner, Sören Mindermann, Mrinank Sharma, David Johnston,  John Salvatier,  Tomáš Gavenčiak, Anna B. Stephenson,  Gavin Leech,  George Altman, Vladimir Mikulik, Alexander John Norman,  Joshua Teperowski Monrad,  Tamay Besiroglu,  Hong Ge,  Meghan A. Hartwick, Yee Whye Teh,  Leonid Chindelevitch, Yarin Gal,  Jan Kulveit 

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6531/eabd9338/tab-pdf 

  

16 

Was Germany’s Corona Lockdown Necessary? 

Christof Kuhbandner, Stefan Homburg, Harald Walach, Stefan Hockertz 

https://advance.sagepub.com/articles/preprint/Comment_on_Dehning_et_al_Science_15_May_2020_eabb9789_Inferring_change_points_in_the_spread_of_COVID-19_reveals_the_effectiveness_of_interventions_/12362645 

  

17 

Inferring UK COVID-19 fatal infection trajectories from daily mortality data: were infections already in decline before the UK lockdowns? 

Simon N. Wood 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.02090 

  

18 

Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe 

Seth Flaxman, Swapnil Mishra, Axel Gandy, H. Juliette T. Unwin, Thomas A. Mellan, Helen Coupland, Charles Whittaker, Harrison Zhu, Tresnia Berah, Jeffrey W. Eaton, Mélodie Monod, Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team, Azra C. Ghani, Christl A. Donnelly, Steven Riley, Michaela A. C. Vollmer, Neil M. Ferguson, Lucy C. Okell & Samir Bhatt  

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2405-7 

  

19 

Comment on Flaxman et al. (2020, Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2405-7): The 1illusory effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe 

Stefan Homburg1, Christof Kuhbandner 

https://advance.sagepub.com/articles/preprint/Comment_on_Flaxman_et_al_2020_The_illusory_effects_of_non-pharmaceutical_interventions_on_COVID-19_in_Europe/12479987 

  

20 

Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 in Europe: A quasi-experimental study 

Paul R Hunter, Felipe J Colón-González, Julii Brainard, Steven Rushton 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.20088260v2 

  

21 

Trajectory of COVID-19 epidemic in Europe 

Marco Colombo, Joseph Mellor, Helen M Colhoun, M Gabriela M Gomes, Paul M McKeigue 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.26.20202267v1 

  

22 

Effect of school closures on mortality from coronavirus disease 2019: old and new predictions 

Ken Rices,  Ben Wynne,  Victoria Martins,  Graeme J Ackland 

https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m3588 

  

23 

Modeling social distancing strategies to prevent SARS-CoV2 spread in Israel- A Cost-effectiveness analysis 

Amir Shlomai, Ari Leshno, View ORCID ProfileElla H. Sklan, View ORCID ProfileMoshe Leshno 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047860v3 

  

24 

Smart Thinking, Lockdown and COVID-19: Implications for Public Policy 

Morris Altman 

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3607803 

  

25 

SARS-CoV-2 waves in Europe: A 2-stratum SEIRS model solution 

Levan Djaparidze, Federico Lois 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.09.20210146v2 

  

26 

Four Stylized Facts about COVID-19 

 Andrew Atkeson, Karen Kopecky & Tao Zha  

https://www.nber.org/papers/w27719 

  

27 

Association between living with children and outcomes from COVID-19: an OpenSAFELY cohort study of 12 million adults in England 

Harriet Forbes, Caroline E Morton, Seb Bacon, View ORCID ProfileHelen I McDonald, Caroline Minassian, Jeremy P Brown, View ORCID ProfileChristopher T Rentsch, View ORCID ProfileRohini Mathur, Anna Schultze, Nicholas J DeVito, View ORCID ProfileBrian MacKenna, William J Hulme, Richard Croker, Alex J Walker, Elizabeth J Williamson, Chris Bates, Amir Mehrkar, View ORCID ProfileHelen J Curtis, David Evans, Kevin Wing, Peter Inglesby, Henry Drysdale, Angel YS Wong, Jonathan Cockburn, Robert McManus, John Parry, Frank Hester, Sam Harper, Ian J Douglas, Liam Smeeth, Stephen JW Evans, Krishnan Bhaskaran, View ORCID ProfileRosalind M Eggo, View ORCID ProfileBen Goldacre, Laurie A Tomlinson 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.01.20222315v1 

  

28 

Exploring inter-country coronavirus mortality 

Trevor Nell, Ian McGorian, Nick Hudson 

https://pandata.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Exploring-inter-country-variation.pdf 

  

29 

Lockdowns and Closures vs COVID –19: COVID Wins 

Surjit S Bhalla 

http://ssbhalla.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Lockdowns-Closures-vs.-COVID19-Covid-Wins-Nov-4.pdf 

  

30 

Government mandated lockdowns do not reduce Covid-19 deaths: implications for evaluating the stringent New Zealand response 

 John Gibson 

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00779954.2020.1844786 

  

31 

Predicting the Trajectory of Any COVID19 Epidemic From the Best Straight Line 

 View ORCID ProfileMichael Levitt, Andrea Scaiewicz, Francesco Zonta 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.20140814v2 

  

32 

Potential lessons from the Taiwan and New Zealand health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic 

Dr Jennifer Summers, Dr Hao-Yuan Cheng, Professor Hsien-Ho Lin, Dr Lucy Telfar Barnard, Dr Amanda Kvalsvig, Professor Nick Wilson, Professor Michael G Baker 

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanwpc/article/PIIS2666-6065(20)30044-4/fulltext 

  

33 

Commentary on : Potential lessons from the Taiwan and New Zealand health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic 

Amelia Janaskie 

https://www.aier.org/article/the-mystery-of-taiwan/ 

  

34 

Effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19: A Tale of Three Models 

Vincent Chin, John P.A. Ioannidis, Martin A. Tanner, Sally Cripps 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160341v

  

35 

A First Literature Review: Lockdowns Only Had a Small Effect on COVID-19 

Jonas Herby 

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3764553 

  

36 

COVID-19 Lockdown Policies: An Interdisciplinary Review 

Oliver Robinson 

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3782395 

  

37 

The effect of interventions on COVID-19 

Kristian Soltesz, Fredrik Gustafsson, Toomas Timpka, Joakim Jaldén, Carl Jidling, Albin Heimerson, Thomas B. Schön, Armin Spreco, Joakim Ekberg, Örjan Dahlström, Fredrik Bagge Carlson, Anna Jöud & Bo Bernhardsson  

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-3025-y 

  

38 

Evaluating the effects of shelter-in-place policies during the COVID-19 pandemic 

View ORCID ProfileChristopher R. Berry, Anthony Fowler, Tamara Glazer, Samantha Handel-Meyer, and Alec MacMillen 

https://www.pnas.org/content/118/15/e2019706118 

  

39 

Longitudinal variability in mortality predicts Covid-19 deaths 

Jon O. Lundberg, Hugo Zeberg 

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.25.20248853v1.full-text 

  

40 

Evaluating the effects of shelter-in-place policiesduring the COVID-19 pandemic 

Christopher R. Berrya, Anthony Fowlera, Tamara Glazera, Samantha Handel-Meyera, and Alec MacMillen 

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/118/15/e2019706118.full.pdf 

  

41 

SARS-CoV-2 elimination, not mitigation, creates best outcomes for health, the economy, and civil liberties 

Miquel Oliu-Barton, *Bary S R Pradelski, Philippe Aghion, Patrick Artus, Ilona Kickbusch, Jeffrey V Lazarus, Devi Sridhar, Samantha Vanderslot 

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00978-8/fulltext 

  

2 comments:

  1. Should anyone wish to send a copy of the letter to their TD or Senator, here is a list of all Oireachtas emails in two parts:

    Micheal.Martin@oireachtas.ie;Leo.Varadkar@oireachtas.ie;Josepha.Madigan@oireachtas.ie;Brid.Smith@oireachtas.ie;Tim.Lombard@oireachtas.ie;Sean.OFearghail@oireachtas.ie;Carol.Nolan@oireachtas.ie;Paul.Gavan@oireachtas.ie;Gino.Kenny@oireachtas.ie;Ivana.Bacik@oireachtas.ie;Damien.English@oireachtas.ie;Mick.Barry@oireachtas.ie;Pippa.Hackett@oireachtas.ie;Padraig.OSullivan@oireachtas.ie;Malcolm.Byrne@oireachtas.ie;Joe.OBrien@oireachtas.ie;Mark.Ward@oireachtas.ie;Matt.Carthy@oireachtas.ie;Pauline.Tully@oireachtas.ie;Michael.McNamara@oireachtas.ie;Violet-Anne.Wynne@oireachtas.ie;Cathal.Crowe@oireachtas.ie;James.OConnor@oireachtas.ie;Thomas.Gould@oireachtas.ie;Holly.Cairns@oireachtas.ie;Cian.OCallaghan@oireachtas.ie;Emer.Higgins@oireachtas.ie;Colm.Brophy@oireachtas.ie;Neasa.Hourigan@oireachtas.ie;James.Lawless@oireachtas.ie;Pearse.Doherty@oireachtas.ie;Sean.Sherlock@oireachtas.ie;Jennifer.MurnaneOConnor@oireachtas.ie;Joe.OReilly@oireachtas.ie;Niall.ODonnghaile@oireachtas.ie;AliceMary.Higgins@oireachtas.ie;Rose.ConwayWalsh@oireachtas.ie;Lorraine.CliffordLee@oireachtas.ie;Martin.Conway@oireachtas.ie;Niamh.Smyth@oireachtas.ie;Jim.OCallaghan@oireachtas.ie;Padraig.MacLochlainn@oireachtas.ie;Gerard.Craughwell@oireachtas.ie;Robbie.Gallagher@oireachtas.ie;Alan.Kelly@oireachtas.ie;Patrick.ODonovan@oireachtas.ie;Alan.Farrell@oireachtas.ie;Colm.Burke@oireachtas.ie;Denis.Naughten@oireachtas.ie;Gerald.Nash@oireachtas.ie;Jerry.Buttimer@oireachtas.ie;Fintan.Warfield@oireachtas.ie;Diarmuid.Wilson@oireachtas.ie;Roisin.Shortall@oireachtas.ie;Ned.OSullivan@oireachtas.ie;Gary.Gannon@oireachtas.ie;Chris.Andrews@oireachtas.ie;Roderic.OGorman@oireachtas.ie;Malcolm.Noonan@oireachtas.ie;Christopher.OSullivan@oireachtas.ie;Niall.Blaney@oireachtas.ie;Annie.Hoey@oireachtas.ie;Lynn.Boylan@oireachtas.ie;Marie.Sherlock@oireachtas.ie;John.Cummins@oireachtas.ie;Barry.Ward@oireachtas.ie;Pauline.OReilly@oireachtas.ie;Mark.Wall@oireachtas.ie;Micheal.Carrigy@oireachtas.ie;Ollie.Crowe@oireachtas.ie;Sharon.Keogan@oireachtas.ie;Garret.Ahearn@oireachtas.ie;Rebecca.Moynihan@oireachtas.ie;Aisling.Dolan@oireachtas.ie;Mary.Fitzpatrick@oireachtas.ie;Timmy.Dooley@oireachtas.ie;Emer.Currie@oireachtas.ie;Erin.McGreehan@oireachtas.ie;Mary.SeeryKearney@oireachtas.ie;Roisin.Garvey@oireachtas.ie;Eileen.Flynn@oireachtas.ie;Norma.Foley@oireachtas.ie;Sorca.Clarke@oireachtas.ie;Pa.Daly@oireachtas.ie;Patrick.Costello@oireachtas.ie;Ossian.Smyth@oireachtas.ie;Paul.Donnelly@oireachtas.ie;Cormac.Devlin@oireachtas.ie;Mairead.Farrell@oireachtas.ie;Reada.Cronin@oireachtas.ie;Patricia.Ryan@oireachtas.ie;Cathal.Berry@oireachtas.ie;Brian.Leddin@oireachtas.ie;Joe.Flaherty@oireachtas.ie;Ruairi.OMurchu@oireachtas.ie;Richard.ODonoghue@oireachtas.ie;Frances.Black@oireachtas.ie;Johnny.Guirke@oireachtas.ie;Alan.Dillon@oireachtas.ie;Verona.Murphy@oireachtas.ie;Marian.Harkin@oireachtas.ie;Steven.Matthews@oireachtas.ie;Matt.Shanahan@oireachtas.ie;Johnny.Mythen@oireachtas.ie;Martin.Browne@oireachtas.ie;Jennifer.Whitmore@oireachtas.ie;Marc.OCathasaigh@oireachtas.ie;Jennifer.CarrollMacNeill@oireachtas.ie;FrancisNoel.Duffy@oireachtas.ie;Darren.ORourke@oireachtas.ie;Martin.Heydon@oireachtas.ie;Michael.Creed@oireachtas.ie;JohnPaul.Phelan@oireachtas.ie;Michael.Collins@oireachtas.ie;Brendan.Smith@oireachtas.ie;Dessie.Ellis@oireachtas.ie;Brendan.Griffin@oireachtas.ie;Sean.Canney@oireachtas.ie;John.McGuinness@oireachtas.ie;Imelda.Munster@oireachtas.ie;Regina.Doherty@oireachtas.ie;Sean.Crowe@oireachtas.ie;PeterM.Fitzpatrick@oireachtas.ie;Mattie.McGrath@oireachtas.ie;Marc.MacSharry@oireachtas.ie;Willie.ODea@oireachtas.ie;Michael.Lowry@oireachtas.ie;Sean.Haughey@oireachtas.ie;Helen.McEntee@oireachtas.ie;Frank.Feighan@oireachtas.ie;Kathleen.Funchion@oireachtas.ie;

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  2. Part 2:

    Pat.Casey@oireachtas.ie;Pat.Buckley@oireachtas.ie;Niall.Collins@oireachtas.ie;David.Cullinane@oireachtas.ie;Sean.Fleming@oireachtas.ie;Paul.Kehoe@oireachtas.ie;Robert.Troy@oireachtas.ie;Paschal.Donohoe@oireachtas.ie;Richard.BoydBarrett@oireachtas.ie;Paul.Murphy@oireachtas.ie;Joan.Collins@oireachtas.ie;John.McGahon@oireachtas.ie;Paul.McAuliffe@oireachtas.ie;Duncan.Smith@oireachtas.ie;Claire.Kerrane@oireachtas.ie;Charlie.McConalogue@oireachtas.ie;Michael.Ring@oireachtas.ie;Michael.McDowell@oireachtas.ie;Ciaran.Cannon@oireachtas.ie;Fiona.OLoughlin@oireachtas.ie;Richard.Bruton@oireachtas.ie;Mark.Daly@oireachtas.ie;Joe.Carey@oireachtas.ie;Eamon.Ryan@oireachtas.ie;Peadar.Toibin@oireachtas.ie;Catherine.Murphy@oireachtas.ie;Barry.Cowen@oireachtas.ie;Catherine.Connolly@oireachtas.ie;Michael.McGrath@oireachtas.ie;Martin.Kenny@oireachtas.ie;Victor.Boyhan@oireachtas.ie;Jack.Chambers@oireachtas.ie;Donnchadh.OLaoghaire@oireachtas.ie;VincentP.Martin@oireachtas.ie;David.Stanton@oireachtas.ie;Aidan.Davitt@oireachtas.ie;Hildegarde.Naughton@oireachtas.ie;Peter.Burke@oireachtas.ie;Aengus.OSnodaigh@oireachtas.ie;Joe.McHugh@oireachtas.ie;Thomas.Byrne@oireachtas.ie;Brendan.Howlin@oireachtas.ie;David.Norris@oireachtas.ie;Simon.Harris@oireachtas.ie;Brian.Stanley@oireachtas.ie;Eugene.Murphy@oireachtas.ie;John.Lahart@oireachtas.ie;Neale.Richmond@oireachtas.ie;James.Browne@oireachtas.ie;John.Brady@oireachtas.ie;Bernard.Durkan@oireachtas.ie;Eamon.OCuiv@oireachtas.ie;Michael.Fitzmaurice@oireachtas.ie;Aodhan.ORiordain@oireachtas.ie;Darragh.OBrien@oireachtas.ie;Denise.Mitchell@oireachtas.ie;Michael.Healy-Rae@oireachtas.ie;Shane.Cassells@oireachtas.ie;Sean.Kyne@oireachtas.ie;Anne.Rabbitte@oireachtas.ie;Kieran.ODonnell@oireachtas.ie;Lynn.Ruane@oireachtas.ie;Charles.Flanagan@oireachtas.ie;Eoin.OBroin@oireachtas.ie;Catherine.Martin@oireachtas.ie;Denis.ODonovan@oireachtas.ie;Danny.HealyRae@oireachtas.ie;Lisa.Chambers@oireachtas.ie;Heather.Humphreys@oireachtas.ie;Noel.Grealish@oireachtas.ie;Jackie.Cahill@oireachtas.ie;Stephen.Donnelly@oireachtas.ie;Thomas.Pringle@oireachtas.ie;Catherine.Ardagh@oireachtas.ie;Aindrias.Moynihan@oireachtas.ie;Louise.OReilly@oireachtas.ie;Maurice.Quinlivan@oireachtas.ie;Fergus.ODowd@oireachtas.ie;Mary.Butler@oireachtas.ie;Simon.Coveney@oireachtas.ie;Ronan.Mullen@oireachtas.ie;Paddy.Burke@oireachtas.ie;Paul.Daly@oireachtas.ie;MaryLou.McDonald@oireachtas.ie;Gerry.Horkan@oireachtas.ie;Michael.Moynihan@oireachtas.ie;Dara.Calleary@oireachtas.ie;Maria.Byrne@oireachtas.ie;

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